Drivers' opinions of enforcement and incentive strategies to promote safety belt use

During a nationwide campaign to promote safety belt use among military personnel, a field study was conducted at 12 military bases in the Netherlands. Enforcement and incentive programs were varied among military bases. A written survey was administered to personnel of these bases. The survey contained items concerning reported belt use, motivation to use a safety belt, attitudes toward legislation, public information, enforcement and incentive strategies, and awareness of the campaign. The results showed that enforcement was clearly a better accepted countermeasure than rewarding drivers for the use of safety belts. Respondents from bases exposed to the incentive treatment tend to have relatively more positive opinions of incentives than those exposed to the enforcement treatment. Two independent dimensions were present in the response patterns: one representing opinions of enforcement and the other of incentives/rewards.     

Correlation of indoor radon concentration to commonly available geologic data

Over the last several years, the inhalation of decay products coming from radon-222 has become a national health concern. It is estimated that somewhere between 16,000 and 20,000 people die annually in the United States from lung cancer due to exposure to these decay products. Nationwide, 95% of all homes have not been tested for radon, and so it would seem that any methodology that could give a general idea of indoor radon concentrations (without actually testing the house itself) might be useful. While not intended to replace a radon test, which is both simple and inexpensive, our project attempts to predict indoor radon concentrations based on easily obtainable information from Soil Conservation Service county soil surveys and US Geological Survey surficial geology maps. We have chosen four parameters: soil permeability, surficial geology, soil shrink-swell potential, and distance to the nearest geologic fault. Of these four variables, surficial geology and distance to fault correlated well to winter indoor radon concentrations as measured by short-term (48-h) tests. While it is understood that there are limits to this methodology, primarily because of map scale problems, the correlations mentioned above were very strong and suggest further study would be useful.     

Environmental legislation, economic growth and risk in minerals development The Bolivian case

This paper examines the General Environmental Law of Bolivia which was recently passed by its Congress. It is a multi-purpose law with two primary objectives: (i) the protection and conservation of the environment; and (ii) the promotion of sustainable development. In this law, environmental benefits are emphasized by stating general principles, not by attempting to define the means. Regulations setting forth the means are left to the writing of subsequent complementary codes. This paper shows that much of the controversy surrounding the legislation disappears when it is seen as a guideline rather than an operational part of Bolivia's industrial policy. In essence, the law addresses environmental awareness in a region that is more anxious than ever to speed economic growth.     

Formation of polyester blends by a recombinant strain ofPseudomonas oleovorans: Different poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) are stored in separate granules

WhenPseudomonas oleovorans (GPo1) is grown on sodium octanoate under ammonium limiting conditions, it is able to accumulate a copolyester consisting of medium chain length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids (PHA_m). 3-Hydroxybutyrate is only incorporated in trace amounts. WhenP. oleovorans is equipped with the PHB biosynthetic genes ofAlcaligenes eutrophus (GPo1[pVK101::PP1]), it forms a polyester containing major amounts of 3-hydroxybutyrate. The resulting polymer however is a blend of PHA_m and PHB, rather than a copolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate and medium chain length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids [11]. To establish whether PHA_m and PHB molecules are stored in the same or separate granules by this recombinantP. oleovorans strain, we studied polymer forming cells by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. This approach is possible because previous freeze-fracture electron microscopy studies on PHA_m and PHB accumulating strains have shown that PHA_m and PHB granules can be distinguished from each other: PHA_m granules from mushroom-like structures, whereas PHB granules from needle structures during freeze-fracturing. In this paper we show that stationary phase cells of GPo1[pVK101::PP1] contained both mushroom and needle-like structures, indicating that PHA_m and PHB chains were stored in separate granules. To be able to determine whether the separation of PHA_m and PHB is complete, the respective granules were separated on sucrose gradients. A total cell extract of GPo1[pVK101::PP1] which was subjected to sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed two white bands of different densities: the upper band with a density of 1.05 g/mL consisted exclusively of PHA_m granules, while the lower band with a density of 1.19 g/mL consisted of PHB granules only. Thus, when bacteria synthesize both PHA_m and PHB, the resulting polymer chains are segregated completely and stored in separate granules.     

Evaluation of synthetic adsorbents for cleanup of herbicide-laden wastewater

Small-and large-scale farm operators and applicators urgently need user-friendly and cost-effective on-site methods to treat dilute-formulated herbicide-laden wastewater (i.e., rinsate). In this study, we investigated solvent-regenerable synthetic adsorbents, Ambersorb® 563 adsorbent, Ambersorb 572 adsorbent, and Ambersorb 575 adsorbent, as alternatives to activated carbon (Filtrasorb ® 400) for cleanup of water containing Dual 8E (a.i., metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide]) or Banvel 4L (a.i., dicamba [3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid]). Batch-type adsorption experiments were conducted to compare adsorptive capacities of the various adsorbents. Adsorption maxima, obtained from adsorption isotherms, indicated that of the Ambersorb adsorbents tested, Ambersorb 572 adsorbent generally exhibited the highest adsorptive capacities for the herbicides tested and was comparable to Filtrasorb 400. Solvent (methanol) regenerability studies demonstrated that herbicide was readily recovered from Ambersorb 572 adsorbent and Filtrasorb 400. In general, metolachlor was more readily recoverable than dicamba. In fixed-bed column studies, Ambersorb 572 adsorbent exhibited twice the adsorptive capacity of Filtrasorb 400. Fixed-bed columns were more effective in removing metolachlor from herbicide containing water regardless of the adsorbent used. Multicycling of Ambersorb 572 adsorbent resulted in 30% loss of adsorptive capacity for dicamba as Banvel 4L and no loss of adsorptive capacity for metolachlor as Dual 8E. Working capacity was reached after three adsorption-regeneration cycles. Fixed-bed columns packed with solvent-regenerable adsorbents may prove useful as part of an on-site wastewater disposal system.     

Critical considerations for project sites containing unexploded ordnance

To date, most of the development of unexploded ordnance (UXO)-related requirements and procedures have been accomplished by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force also have a significant requirement for environmentally related UXO expertise. This article traces the evolution of the UXO field, as developed by small businesses and the various branches of the U.S. Army, and describes the implications of conducting an environmental investigation or remediation in an area contaminated, or suspected to be contaminated, with UXO. Lastly, the basic procedures and the tools and equipment used to accomplish UXO decontamination are described to inform field managers of the impact that UXO hazards can have on their overall project.     

IMPROVED RIVER BASIN UTILIZATION THROUGH SYSTEMS ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT. Theoretical and practical results are summarized for a study to determine optimal water resource allocation in a proposed water conservancy district. The area of this district, which covers several river basins, contains a large number of existing and proposed facilities such as reservoirs and diversions. The operation of all of these facilities was to be determined along with the sizing of the proposed facilities in order to optimize given objective functions. Related efforts in optimal river basin utilization were surveyed, and linear programming was selected as an expedient optimization technique. The problem is formulated by identifying time stages which together constitute a repetitive cycle such as a year. With these stages, it is possible to associate operational and capacity variables with network components, which are branches and nodes. Objective functions are assembled for the component variables. Constraint equations are written in terms of the variables to reflect network nodal continuity, capacity restrictions, and adjudications such as water rights. A numerical example is considered in which the existing and proposed facilities are aggregated to produce a small, tractable number of facilities. This paper examines the example results and suggests future improvements for models of this type.     

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST1

ABSTRACT. The water resources manager, concerned with providing for citizen needs for water in all its varied aspects, is obliged to consider the public interest in his decision making. But the public interest, although inferring the superiority of public over purely private interests, is more of a concept of political ethics than an operational objective. Recent attacks on water resources developments place in question just how responsive the water resources manager has been to the public at large during the planning process. The recent broadening of planning objectives beyond economic efficiency to include greater attention to social goals is an encouraging development. Efforts should be expanded toward greater citizen participation and more attention should be given to sampling surveys to determine citizen attitudes on water resources proposals. In the last analysis, the decision-making process must combine the expertise of the water resources manager and the participation of the people through the political process.